The Main Communication Channels in Organizations

The primary correspondence channels that are regularly utilized in my association are wireline and remote correspondence channels. Being an accommodation organization, the high ranking representatives are visit collaboration with the lesser authorities for consistency.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle types of correspondence under the wireline station are calls and PC systems (Middleton, 2002). In this association, senior officials ordinarily use phones to impart inside the association, just as to compose outer gatherings and meetings among others. Then again, remote correspondence station includes the utilization of web through PCs, cell phones, TVs, and radio calls. Since the association has an official site all official correspondence inside the association just as to the organization’s customers is done through the web. Phone and radio calls are for the most part utilized by the high ranking representatives to impart gatherings or crises. As per Middleton (2002), a portion of the principle obstructions inside correspondence channels coming about into commotion are electromagnetic impedances, and obstructions of radio frequencies among others. As it has been uncovered, impedances of the electromagnetic framework as a rule cause wastefulness in the exhibitions the whole framework, coming about into clamors. Further, obstructions of the radiation transmitted by the majority of the electronic machines may meddle with the frequencies in the whole correspondence framework, coming about into clamor. One of the principle techniques that should be consolidated in my organization’s correspondence framework is a ‘short message’ warning for an official message. Since numerous authorities are not generally signed in their messages, it would be very significant if the framework is made increasingly successf ul through ‘short message’ warning for any new message from the organization. It ought to be noticed that, messages are compelling methods for correspondence, yet in addition important in the current society commanded by advanced correspondence. Fundamentally correspondence has to a great extent improved in view of innovation since it is simpler for data to arrive at huge number of crowd inside a brief timeframe (Middleton, 2002). As indicated by Middleton (2002), organization’s atmosphere influences correspondence to a great extent. On the off chance that in an association there is free connection between the top and lower authorities, correspondence would be simpler and viable. Then again, when lower positioned workers are confined to unreservedly interface with their high ranking representatives, correspondence would be constrained among the social classes.Advertising Looking for paper on business correspondence? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, the common example of conduct inside an association decides a ton the general correspondence designs inside the association. By and large, the hierarchical atmosphere decides the how between gathering of relational correspondence patterns are encouraged. As announced by Middleton (2002), non-verbal correspondence is one of the most remarkable methods for correspondence inside an association. Non-verbal correspondence includes the utilization of body signs and motions toward indicate a specific importance. A portion of the primary non-verbal correspondence modes are outward appearances, motions and changes of conduct. On this premise, the improvement of abilities to peruse non-verbal correspondence viably is significant. Through preparing of the non-verbal language of correspondence, it gets feasible for the individuals in the association to see each other all the more precisely. In the wake of being prepared on different ramificat ions of the non-verbal communication, an individual creates proper abilities important to adequately peruse non-verbal correspondence. In the association that I work for, nonverbal correspondence is to a great extent utilized in my working environment. For this situation, motions and outward appearances are the primary nonverbal correspondence modes utilized. For example, if an individual isn't content with the supervisor’s conduct the individual in question glares, demonstrating his disappointment by the supervisor’s activity or message. All the more along these lines, motions are generally used to inform a person about a consideration required at certain point desperately. Hand motions are the most prevalently utilized type of motions in my work place, since the clamor made by machines doesn't improve viable verbal correspondence (Middleton, 2002). As held by Middleton (2002), correspondence inside associations might be either through formal or casual channels. One o f the principle preferences of formal correspondence is that, the messages can be put away for sometime later. All the more along these lines, messages from formal correspondence can be tried for exactness and unwavering quality. Be that as it may, casual channel of correspondence requires formal abilities of communicating thoughts. On this premise, formal correspondence is just constrained to the tip top and dexterous people inside an association. Then again, the primary favorable position of casual association is that, it doesn't require extraordinary aptitudes and results into progressively relational connections inside an association. Be that as it may, casual correspondence channels might be tricky, coming about into its trickiness for future references. One of the most generally utilized casual correspondences in associations is rumors.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11 /page Learn More One of the manners by which associations can utilize gossipy tidbits in their association is to spread talk of reducing to augment creation in their association. By being nearer to the representatives and in this way giving more consideration to the environments of work environment, chiefs would make representatives increasingly profitable since they would be progressively roused. As indicated by Middleton (2002), it is eventually not moral for supervisors to depend on gossipy tidbits since they are at last problematic and may stir pressure inside the association. For the most part, utilization of gossipy tidbits in associations is a casual correspondence implies which is dishonestly adequate as methods for correspondence inside associations, notwithstanding being a rousing specialist among the workers. Reference Middleton, J. (2002). Authoritative Behavior. New York: Capstone Publishing. This article on The Main Communication Channels in Organizations was composed and put together by client Zoey Sloan to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Legalize drugs essays

Sanction drugs papers Illicit medications impact individuals each day of their lives. Unlawful medications influence individuals whether they are clients themselves, street pharmacists, casualties of medication related wrongdoing, or managing a companion or relatives addiction Illegal drugs impact individuals each day of their lives. Unlawful medications influence individuals whether they are clients themselves, street pharmacists, casualties of medication related wrongdoing, or managing a companion or relatives dependence. Medications are undesirable and dangerous; nonetheless, disallowance isn't the response to the countrys sedate issue. The United States ought to consider legitimizing medications and consummation sedate restriction. There are a few motivations to sanction medicates in the United States. Medications ought to be authorized to set aside cash, to make them more secure, and to diminish tranquilize related wrongdoing. . Medications are unfortunate and dangerous; nonetheless, restriction isn't the response to the countrys tranquilize issue. The United States ought to consider legitimizing medications and consummation sedate forbiddance. There are a few motivations to sanction medicates in the United States. Medications ought to be legitimized to set aside cash, to make them more secure, and to diminish sedate related wrongdoing. As a matter of first importance, medications ought to be legitimized to set aside cash. The United States burns through billions of dollars consistently battling an ineffective medication war. The United States ought to legitimize drugs, charge them, and spare billions of dollars as another option. Charges gathered from sanctioned medication deals could be utilized to support numerous administration programs. The cash could be utilized for treatment projects to get clients off medications and training projects to keep kids and others from utilizing drugs in any case. As a swap for building and subsidizing detainment facilities for detainees indicted for tranquilize related wrongdoings, the cash could be utilized to manufacture schools and store the instructive needs of kids. This is the means by which the nation would set aside cash if drugs were sanctioned. Second, medications ought to be legitimized to make them more secure. Sanctioned medications... <! sanction drugs articles For quite a few years drugs have been one of the serious issues of society. There have been heightening costs spent on the war against drugs and endless dollars spent on restoration, however the difficult despite everything exists. Has the medication issue expanded as well as medication related issues are on the ascent. Medication misuse is an executioner in our nation. Some are conceived addicts while others become clients. The aftereffect of medication misuse is a large number of addicts trying to claim ignorance. The uplifting news is the United States had 25,618 all out captures and 81,762 medication seizures because of medications in 1989 alone, however the terrible news is the quantities of detainees have expanded by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Regardless of basic insight, the U.S isn't encountering a medication related wrongdoing wave. Government reviews appear between 1980 - 1987 theft rates fell 27 percent, burglary 21 percent and murders 13 percent, yet with new medications available these numbers are up. One dubious arrangement is the proposition of legitimizing drugs. In spite of the fact that individuals feel that legitimizing medications would diminish wrongdoing, medications ought to stay illicit in the U.S on the grounds that there would be an expansion of medication misuse and a fast increment of sicknesses, for example, AIDS. Many accept that legitimizing medications would decrease wrongdoing. They call attention to that the legitimization of medications would prevent future criminal acts. They additionally accentuate and differentiate Prohibition. At the point when the open understood that Prohibition couldn't be upheld the law was canceled. Medication Legalization. Since the restriction of pot in 1965 there has been started another warmed debate over the legitimization as well as decriminalization of this and other prohibited substances. Numerous legislators and administrators just as scholars, specialists, understudies, and so on have gauged the realities and sentiments and have gone to a choice on which side of the fence to sit on. he contentions either possibly in support of the legitimization of medications appear to originate from two principle focu ... <!

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Entry #15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We still have more than a month for new students to submit photos for posting, details here. ___________________________ The photos today come from Kris Capella, an incoming MIA student. ___________________________ Taken in Tarangire National Park in Tanzania.   I think Cheetahs are wonderfully beautiful animals, and we were fortunate to come across a couple as we were leaving the park.   We had plenty of time to watch them because they ambled into the middle of the road and there was no way around them! Taken in Stone Town, Zanzibar.   This is an example of the Indian style of extremely elaborate doors that adorn the homes of many wealthy people on Zanzibar.   By far the most picturesque doors Ive ever seen! Taken at the soccer field near the school where I taught as a Peace Corps volunteer for three years in Mashati, Tanzania.   This was the ad-hoc cheering squad for our school at one of the many football (yes, I tried hard to unlearn the word soccer from my vocabulary) matches I watched over the years.

The Civil Rights Movement - 1104 Words

There were hundreds of thousands of onlookers, twenty-one shots, four assassinations, one nation, and a changed world all effected throughout the 1960s. There were many distresses throughout the 1960s. Some of the main ones included the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Robert Kennedy and John Kennedy. The aftermath of all these deaths greatly affected the United States and the people in it. Each one of these men had a huge impression on a certain group in America that they broke a barrier for. The nation mourned and wept over them, and felt for their families. These sequences of deaths began in 1963 with the death of John F. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1917. He was one of nine children†¦show more content†¦His supporters consisted mostly of those engaged in the NOI and Black Muslims, even though all African Americans wanted the racial equality. Malcolm was assassinated by a Black Muslim on February 21, 1965 at one of his own rallies for racial equality. In a book that he wrote, and was later published after his death, he showed concern in the amount of time that he had left. This book was The Autobiography of Malcolm X. However, he felt that he would have more of an effect on the movement after his death than during his life. His feelings would later reign true when there was a rally in the summer of 1966 (Historynetwork). His works and marches inspired so many people, despite the fact that many disagreed with his radical ways. There were a group of people who were empowered by his speeches and the way he presented himself. Although his tactics were often times overdone and went to the extreme, he helped to achieve equal rights for all. Someone who was very similar to Malcolm X in want, but not in the execution of tactics was Martin Luther King Jr. He was born on January 15, 1929 as Michael but his name was later changed to Martin. He was a very spiritual man and was a pastor for several different churches throughout his lifetime. He was on the executive board for the NAACP (Nobel Media). He was also elected as the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which also had anShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gai n acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. The mostRead MoreThe Folk Music Of The Civil Rights Movement1208 Words   |  5 PagesResponse Paper #4 The folk music of the Civil Rights Movement â€Å"came out of tradition, common experience, and generations of resistance† (Dunaway 2010: 140). The songs used throughout the movement derived from the shared experiences and struggles of African Americans while connecting â€Å"the gentle, idealistic world of folk music and the integrationist world of civil rights† (Dunaway 2010: 145). Songs, such as â€Å"We Shall Overcome†, were put through the folk process, where a song is passed on and alterationsRead MoreThe Great Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement1563 Words   |  7 Pages They seem to be forgotten until they are highlighted once again. Another example of a person that was not really highlighted for their actions is Nina Simone. She made an impact on the Civil Right Movement that not many other artist or celebrity would have done. When you think of the Civil Rights Movement the first three that come to mind of course are, Martin Luther King Jr., Malco m X, and Rosa Parks. So, when someone hears the name Nina Simone the two most common responses might be â€Å"Who’sRead MoreSocial Movements : Black Civil Rights2647 Words   |  11 PagesSocial movements are vital to the establishment of our societies, and they way we are governed. Social movements help the less privileged band together to create a stronger voice among a sea of political correctness and unlawfully rule that the public supposedly have to abide by without question. Movements create this new form of platform that, if done successfully, are able to create a worldwide frenzy where people from across all walks of life, including politicians, academics, the less fortunateRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. changed history not only for African American’s, but for all who live in the United States. Martin was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. As a child Martin attended many public segregated schools throughout Georgia until he graduated at the age of fifteen. Following high school, Martin Luther King Jr. attended many colleges such as, Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, and Boston University. While studyingRead MoreCauses Of The Civil Rights Movement954 Words   |  4 Pagesquote was very much true. Post civil war times were hard on African Americans. Even though at the time they were considered free, they were often criticized and discriminated against. Finally, shootings, brutality, and unfair treatment were enough. In an effort to end racial segregation and discrimination against African-Americans all over the country, they took a stand. This was known as the Civil Rights Movement. There were many interesting events that cause d this movement. The three main causes thatRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† This was a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Even one hundred years after slavery was banned, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights movement was a movement of AfricanRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages The civil right movement refers to the reform movement in the United States beginning in the 1954 to 1968 led primarily by Blacks for outlawing racial discrimination against African-Americans to prove the civil rights of personal Black citizen. For ten decades after the Emancipation Proclamation, African-Americans in Southern states still live a rigid unequal world of deprive right of citizenship, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. â€Å"JimRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages The Civil Rights Movement The 13th amendment, passed on the first of January, 1865 abolished slavery throughout America. Although African Americans were considered free after this amendment was approved, they still had a long and arduous struggle to absolute freedom. Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was frequently used throughout many of the Southern and Border States. Schools, bathrooms, libraries, and even water fountains were segregated. Though there wereRead MoreCivil Rights Movement Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement, also known as the American Civil Rights, was a mass movement during the 1950s and 1960s. It was one of the most intricate social movements of mankind. The Civil Rights Movement was a period where African Americans did not have the same equal rights or treatment as the whites. Instead, African Americans were segregated from whites by not going to school together, having to sit in the back of the bus, not being able to move freely, or not having the right to vote. Over the

The Controversy Over Same-Sex Marriages - 861 Words

There is presently much controversy regarding homosexuals and whether or not it would be wrong for society to accept marriages between same-sex couples. The masses express confusion regarding the homosexual community and individuals are generally inclined to discriminate homosexuals. While some consider that marriage is not actually an important thing and it is irrelevant whether or not a gay couple unites through official means, recent events show otherwise and it is apparently very important for a homosexual couple to have access to the institution of marriage in order for both of its members to be provided with a series of rights that are normally beneficial in the case of heterosexual couples. People need to understand that homosexuals are not necessarily interested in being provided with the right to get married because they believe that their social status would be improved as a result of doing so. Surely, the masses are probable to regard a gay couple with different eyes consequent to learning that these people are married. However, there are numerous more problems that gay couples currently experience as a result of being unable to get married. Homosexuals are very similar to heterosexuals and their sexual orientation is the only thing that differentiates them. They work, eat, sleep, and have all of the needs that heterosexual people have, thus meaning that it would be absurd to deny them a series of basic rights simply because particular individuals are unwillingShow MoreRelatedControversial Topic of Same-Sex Marriage797 Words   |  3 PagesResearcher (CQR) issued a report covering the issue of gay marriage. In their article, Gay Marriage, the CQR discusses the controversy of curbs on same-sex marriage, as well as if the Supreme Court will end these curbs. Within this larger controversy of same-sex marriage, the CQR points out four issues dealing with the topic at hand. The first issue questions whether the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) improperly denies federal benefits to same sex couples. Another issue covered in the report is if CaliforniaRead MoreEssay on Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage1565 Words   |  7 PagesRecognizing Same-Sex Marriage Same-sex marriage is a huge controversy between Americans across the Country. In thirty-three states marriage is defined as a â€Å"union between a man and a woman†. For seventeen states in the U.S. this definition has been changed because every citizen should be treated equally according to the constitution and this also violates the Equal Protection Clause. It became possible for people of the same-sex to marry when it was stated to be unconstitutional. Denying marriage is denyingRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1181 Words   |  5 PagesToday’s society is all about controversy, whether it is political controversy or social controversy, society thrives on it. What is more controversial in today’s society than same sex marriage? It is a topic that has battered Americans for decades, and just recently has it been decided that same sex marriage and relations is awarded by the constitution. Before this it was at states discretion whether or not to allow those of the same sex to marry. But, on June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court ruled thatRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is Not The Law Of The Land1510 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 2014 Same-Sex Marriage According to Dr. James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, If traditional marriage is not the law of the land, the institution of the family will cease to exist. Traditional marriage is a legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife. Inside the court rooms and outside, citizens of the United States battle out their differences between heterosexual and homosexual marriage; one reason for this is because the frequency of relationships involving same-sex couplesRead MoreShould Same-Sex Couples Be Allowed to Adopt? Essays838 Words   |  4 Pageshopes of being normal, many same-sex couples want to have a family and for some the only option is adoption. Well, same-sex adoption is not legal in most places which makes this dream for some impossible. This caused controversy between same-sex couples and the general public who believes that same-sex adoption should remain illegal. Ultimately, same-sex adoption should be legal. The same-sex controversy is one of the many results from the slow process of gay marriage becoming legalized in variousRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriages1028 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Issue Of Gay Marriages Through The Eyes Of Sociologists Gay marriages have been an ongoing event in the United States for many years. It was not until June 26, 2015 when gay marriage was legalized for all states with a five to four ratio. With gay marriage being legalized, there became many controversies in the nation. The most recent controversy was when a Kentucky county clerk was jailed after defying a federal court order to issue marriage licenses to a same-sex couple. She did not issueRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreAnalysis of Koppelmans Arguement in Support of Same Sex Marriage948 Words   |  4 Pagesfew decades, the question of allowing for same-sex marriage is a recurring topic of controversy. In the houses of same-sex couples, the need for equal rights is of great importance. Currently, many states ban the marriage of same-sex couples and do not view a marriage between same-sex couples as an official marriage. These states quote the Constitutional definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Therefore, with this definition, the marriage of a man and a man or a woman and a womanRead MoreA Fine Line Between Utilizing Natural Rights And Breaking The Law1462 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesand allowed members of our government to serve the people fairly. But, with great success comes great controversy as well. One of the most recent disputes over separation of church and state is the Kim Davis trial. Kim Davis, A Kentucky court clerk, was expected to issue same-sex marriage licenses after the 2015 Supreme Court ruling stating that the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry in all 50 states. However, Davis refused to implement the Supreme Court’s decisionRead MoreEquality for All: Gay Marriage Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmajority† were usually victorious. With that said, there is an inevitable future for the homosexual community to be eventually equal to everyone else. The question remains, what justifies the right for a gay couple to have the same benefits as a heterosexual couple? Gay marriage has been a wide spread issue for quite a bit of time and multiple arguments have been made as to why it should not occur, but none of them stand valid against rights provided by the constitution. Many individuals are quite passionate

Loaded word Free Essays

Among the words that were created and developed in the English language, â€Å"empowerment† remains an elusive yet most rampantly used term, especially in the field of civic engagement and community-building.   Empowerment is a word that contains with it social, political, and economic dimensions; however, its foci remains on the political dimension, wherein the objective is to experience or provide power to an individual or group. According to the World Bank, empowerment â€Å"is the process of enhancing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Loaded word or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã‚   These capacities are social and/or economic in nature, and they are gained and developed through the utilization of resources available in people’s social environments.   Key to the achievement of empowerment is access to these resources, since it is only by the availability of these resources that individuals or groups are able to achieve development of their capacities. Empowerment is a loaded word because this concept is difficult to achieve, especially when social and economic factors are included in the achievement of empowerment.   This is the dilemma encountered among individuals or groups who try to achieve empowerment, as ascertained in their own terms.   Because empowerment could mean the achievement of capacities on the different aspects of a person’s life, empowerment is also subjected to varied interpretations of its success or failure. In fact, empowerment could also have positive and negative dimensions.   Positive empowerment is achieved when the individual/group feels empowered without letting other people feel subjugated; the converse is the effect of negative empowerment, wherein the individual/group feels empowered at the expense of another individual/group. Empowerment is reflected in the work of millionaire Bill Gates, who feels empowerment because of the economic resources that he has at his disposal and control.   These economic resources are the computer and information technologies, intellectual, and financial resources. His empowerment is reflected in his ability to command his IT company Microsoft, to live comfortably and not feel the scarcity of resources about him, and to provide support to other people who needs empowerment in different areas in their lives.   He is an individual who experienced empowerment because of his intellect, and through his intellect, he was able to capacitate himself further by accumulating economic wealth and the ability to be a â€Å"mover† in the industry of computer and information technologies. People who have not yet experienced empowerment in terms of development are the Papuans, of the Pacific Island Papua New Guinea.   Papuans are considered not empowered when it comes to their health, wherein there are still individuals and groups who experience health affliction such as tuberculosis (TB) and malaria.   In TB alone, Papuans remain far behind versus other developing and underdeveloped countries. This is why, in order to promote health empowerment among Papuans, funding agencies are supporting them in terms of economic resources, such as providing supplies of medicines and laboratory equipment to the health sector of the country.   In addition to providing economic resources, agencies are also providing capacity-building support to the village members, empowering them by providing them knowledge and skills in detecting TB patients and the treatment services available in their villages.   By controlling and preventing this disease alone, Papuans are empowered in a particular aspect of their lives: healthcare, particularly TB care and treatment. How to cite Loaded word, Essay examples

Ubiquitous Information Technologies and Applications †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ubiquitous Information Technologies and Applications. Answer: Introduction: The ball is placed at a height of 0.8 meters. First at this point is a not-zero point. The fact that the ball is not at zero place makes it to have gravitational potential energy, EPE. At this point, ball is resting and the kinetic energy is zero. When the ball is released, it acquires kinetic energy as it gains velocity down. The amount is the kinetic energy is depended on the amount of the speed which the ball gains (International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Technologies Applications Han, 2013). As the ball fall on the spring, elastic potential energy is experienced before it bounces back to a certain height. At this point, the Kinetic energy is converted to elastic potential energy. Then the elastic potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy and the ball gains some velocity moving upward. The ball will move to a height when the velocity will be zero and unable to move further. The kinetic energy will transform to gravitational potential energy, which is non-ze ro since the ball is at height. The ball will start falling again and it acquires kinetic energy. The energy changes are GPE to KE to EPE then to KE to GPE at top again (Tavakoli Southern Methodist University, 2011). This experiment can be based on the physical phenomenon when one is playing lawn tennis. The changes in energy will be similar between these two instances. The tennis ball will start at GPE then move to KE and when it hits the ground it gains EPE as it bounces, which is then transformed to KE. References International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Technologies Applications, Han, Y.-H. (2013). Ubiquitous information technologies and applications: CUTE 2012. Dordrecht: Springer. Tavakoli, T. A., Southern Methodist University. (2011). Gravity powered locomotion and active control of a family tree of robotic mechanisms. (Dissertation Abstracts International, 72-7.) Dallas, Tex: Southern Methodist University.

Market Research †Butteroil

Brief Synopsis of Alfreshco Butterroil Butterroil is an anhydrous milk-based product consisting of dairy fat at its purest form. This product consists of different types of lipids having varying melting points, which makes the products multi-purpose. Notably, Alfreshco Butteroil is a unique product as it can be used in a variety of food processing practices in both homes and industries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market Research – Butteroil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the butter can be combined with powdered milk to produce fresh milk, while it can also be used in chocolate manufacturing. As a result, Alfreshco Butteroil brand products can be described as multipurpose since it can be used in baking, roasting and applying on bread like margarine. It has been revealed that, the main products of anhydrous milk fat are anhydrous Butteroil, Butteroil and anhydrous milk fat. More so, thi s product was revealed to have enticing smell and taste of buttery scent. Since the product is manufactured in its natural form, it has been found useful in both industrial and home food processing activities. In bakery industries, Alfreshco Butteroil products have been found to be a major ingredient in manufacturing of confectionary and ice creams. As it has been revealed, this product has been revealed to have high nutritive value, capable of providing individuals with their daily energy requirement sustainably. As a result, its popularity in the market lies on its ability to meet the needs of its users largely. Marketing Issues Facing Butteroil Products Since Alfreshco Butteroil products have been made naturally without additives, their demand in the market has been increasing significantly. Considering that this product has various purposes both in homes and industries in food processing practices, Alfreshco Butteroil has been a great success in the market. However, this product has been revealed to go bad within short period, making it less reliable once stored for some time. More specifically the products are less durable, which poses great threat for this product’s popularity in the near future. As a result, this product has been revealed to be in danger of lacking enough market, especially with the rising competition in the contemporary markets (Armstrong and Kotler 23). The aspect of the product of having the capacity to be employed in various applications with regard to various temperatures enhances its wider usage capacity. Having special nutrients recommendable to the people of all ages, this product has the opportunity to thrive better in the market. Since it is suitable to both children and adults, the product has a wider market base, despite it being targeted to young children.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lenscold (49) consid ers the ability of a product to meet the requirements of a wider customer base as an opportunity for its potential future demand. On this basis, there is a potential future for the market of this product, as it has the opportunity to be purchased by all age groups due to its high nutritive value. Positioning of Alfreshco Butteroil Brand As it has been revealed, Alfreshco Butteroil products have been credible product in the market due to its reportedly high nutritive value and multi-purpose nature. Particularly, Alfreshco Butteroil products have been found to be more effective than other competing brands like Canola oil among others. Since this product is cholesterol free and has less fat saturation than other butter products, it has been most liked by many people (Armstrong and Kotler 41). Basically, one of the main competitive advantages of this product is that, on top of its refreshing butter aroma, Alfreshco Butteroil offers its users with a wider variety of uses. On this basis, this product has been found quite useful both homes and industrial in various food processing products. Through being multi-dimensional in its growth ways, the company of this product has enhanced its prosperity in the market. According to Luther (98), it is quite essential for corporations to combine four product-markets, called Ansoff’s matrix, as shown in the diagram below. Existing Products New Products Existing Markets Market Penetration Product Development New Markets Market Development Diversification As the product seeks to increase its market share through expansion, its focus on large customer base can be described as an appropriate strategy to enhance its growth. As it has been observed, product development has been done in this brand since wider varieties of products under the same brand. With regard to Armstrong and Kotler (54), if firms wish to introduce new products in the already established market segments, they would be required to do product dive rsification. As it has been observed in the Alfreshco Butteroil, its popularity in the market has been attributed to its uniqueness and product differentiation under the same brand. Factors Contributing to the Success of Alfreshco Butteroil Brand As it has been observed, this product is meant for wide range of customers. With its applicability in home and industrial food processing practices, the target market for this product seems to be food manufacturers and homes. Having its nutrients recommended to all age groups, this product has wider range of customers as it is not confined to age groups or lifestyles.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market Research – Butteroil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being a multi-purpose product, it popularity in the market seems promising due to its naturalness and enticing nature to its customers (Armstrong and Kotler 43). The reason to believe that this product is s uperior amongst its competitors has been facilitated by its ability to be replaced by all its substitutes for a variety of food processing processes. Having the potential to entice its customers by being multipurpose and uniqueness reinforces its positive attitude of the customers towards it (Luther 35). More so, the frames of references for this product are strategically enhancing its success in the market. Since this brand competes with other products used for cooking, its efficient-nature in cooking reinforced by other added advantages enhances its higher relevance to the customers. As it has been observed, natural and healthy nature of Alfresco Butteroil facilitates its high demand in the market, as it is perceived as a unique product amongst its competitors. According to Lenscold (74), the ability of a product to have added advantages lacking in its competitors forms the basis for its ultimate success in the market. Particularly, the benefit differences between this product and its competitors forms a string basis for its success in the market. Conclusion As it has been observed, Alfreshco Butteroil is a product having the potential to thrive well in the market due to its various competitive advantages. Being a multi-purpose commodity, Alfreshco Butteroil has been highly useful in homes and industries due to its ability to replace all other substitutes in cooking. As a result, this product has largely been competitive in the market due to its uniqueness and superiority in terms of usage for various purposes. However, this product seems to lack the ability to stay for long under room temperatures, unless confined in freezing conditions. This is the main weakness identified for this product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Armstrong, Gregory and Kotler, Patrick. Successful Marketing Techniques. New York:   Prentice Hall Publishers, 2010. Lenscold, Jackson. Marketing ROI: The Path to Campaign, Customer and Corporate  Profitability. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2003. Luther, Wycliffe. The Marketing Plan: How to Prepare and Implement it. New York: Prentice Hall, 2010. This report on Market Research – Butteroil was written and submitted by user Kody D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Medieval Period Tunic

Medieval Period Tunic The word tunic has been derived from the word ‘tunica’ (Latin), meaning an enclosing membrane of body tissue. From the period of ancient Greeks and Romans up to the medieval times, tunics have probably been the most common dress worn by all classes of men; slaves as well as the nobles, and all other people from different occupations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Period Tunic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The simplest kind of tunic was readied by sewing two pieces of cloth, making a tube; holes were kept for the arms. The medieval tunic resembled a T-shirt and was worn by men and women alike. The medieval tunics were made from a varied range of fabrics, depending on the status of the people wearing them. Even different forms of tunics were made for people of different status. The medieval tunics usually had sleeves and were cut to different lengths. Male tunics reached crotch and thigh in l ength; older men wore knee-length tunics (Diehl Donnelly, 2011). The medieval tunic could be worn plain and/or tightened at the waist with a belt. The belt also served the purpose of a purse. The Romans wore tunics under their toga (a single piece gown). Woollen tunics were worn during the winter seasons. From all these facts about medieval tunics, it may be concluded that they were really versatile. The medieval tunics were made in different forms and the fabrics used in tailoring were also different (Netherton Owen-Crocker, 2012). The tunic was basically a significance of status and title. The women wore tunics that stretched up to the ankle. Such tunics were called ‘Tunica Talaris’. The word ‘talaris’ is a derivative of the Latin word ‘talus’, which means an ankle. Another form of the tunic was the ‘Tunica Pulla’. It was a black or any other dark coloured tunic that was put on as a symbol of mourning. Yet another form of medie val tunic was the ‘Tunica Recta’. The word ‘recta’ means straight. This particular tunic was worn in the medieval period by the girls during their marriages and by the boys when they were supposed to have matured. Then there was the ‘Tunica Augusticlavia’ which was worn by the Roman magistrates. ‘Tunica Laticlavia’ was worn by the Roman senators. This form of tunic had a broad band on it that was easily recognizable from a distance. Lastly, the Roman emperors wore a special tunic called the ‘Ornamenta Triumphalia’. The ‘Ornamenta Triumphalia’ comprised of the ‘Tunica Palmata’ and the ‘Toga Picta’. This was the official dress of the Roman emperors. The ‘Tunica Palmata’ was heavily adorned by leaf embroidery made from gold thread. All the edges (like the neck-line, wrist ends, and the bottom edge) of this tunic had a rich and colourful border.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The different ranks of office bearers were distinguished by the ‘Latus Clavus’. The office bearers of the Roman Empire wore tunics that had a particular number of bands sewn on them. The quantity of bands signified the rank of the wearer and the ‘Roman Sumptuary Laws’ governed this quantity. Even the width of the bands was governed by the ‘Roman Sumptuary Laws’. The members of the senate used to wear tunics with a scarlet or purple band. The band was about 2 inches in width and was considered to be a distinct badge of office. Even the male children of the senators could put on this band but in such cases the band had to be a less wide. The ‘equites’ or the knights wore a different tunic that had a band on each side and also at the front and the back. These bands were called the ‘Augustus Clavus’. The usual colour of these bands was purple but other colours such as red, violet and dark blue were also authorized. Modern interpretation of medieval tunic Although the modern day tunic does not have similar social and/or historical context, it is popular in the fashion world, particularly among women. The changing context also refers to the style and fabric used for making this item. Despite the shifts in trends, women’s tunic can still have elements reminding of the medieval epoch. Specific attention should be given to the loose sleeves and forms concealing the silhouette. In modern day women wear tunics with denims and it comes in various styles. Now-a-days tunic can be worn as a traditional outfit too. During the medieval period, tunics were worn as they were the only commonly used clothing. But in today’s world, tunics are considered to be a fashion statement. They come in large varieties with lovely laces and embroidery works. Tunics have never gone out of style. E ven though the bottoms styles come and go, tunics in all variations have stayed till date. During medieval period, the material of the tunic suggested the rank and position of the person putting it on. Like the poor people wore tunics made from normal cloth whereas the rich wore tunics made from costly material such as linen and silk. But now-a-days women wear trendy linen tunics with formal pants as a daily wear. This is one style that young girls wear with denims and married women wear it as one of their traditional outfits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Period Tunic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tunics are gracefully accepted by both the orthodox and the conservative families as they are decent and sober clothing. Tunics have also transformed into short dresses. Many manufactures have indulged in large scale manufacturing of tunics as they remain in demand throughout the year. During summers, you ge t them in pastel colours and in winters they are available in dark and vibrant colour tones. When on a shopping spree, no matter which store we enter or which online shopping site we surf, we can find tunics in abundance, and that too in a variety of colours, shapes, designs, sizes, and materials. In fact tunics are the most hunted clothing by the female gender (Thats, 2012). The main difference between the tunics of medieval times and those of today is the length. As discussed earlier in the paper, women wore tunics that were up to the ankles but today’s tunics are up to the knees to the maximum. One of the main reasons of the revival of this historical clothing and its popularity among the female gender is that being loose fitted clothing it hides the actual body type. Means it doesn’t allow the onlooker to have information about the actual body figure. This is a boon for women and girls who are plump but want to hide their being overweight from the people. At the sa me time, wearing a tunic allows overweight women and girls to wear tight jeans and leg-ins to keep up with the fashion trend. Modern day tunics can be accessorized according to the requirement of the day or event. There are many accessories that go with the tunics. Such accessories include belts, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, etc. The best part of wearing a tunic is that there is no fixed style. The wearer can make her own style statement with the help of the accessories. Like while going to office you can wear a tunic without a belt (it looks little formal) and in the evening, you may put on a sizzling belt to enhance the look of your tunic. Another reason for the revival and the popularity of the tunics among the women is that since they are loose fitted, women can do all their chores easily. The tunic is really very comfortable and allows the wearer to move freely. As mentioned earlier in this paper, tunics hide the real body type. This enables the overweight women and girls to look attractive. Normal T-shirts or shirts reveal the actual body shape and the overweight women and girls might look shabby and ugly. So it may be said that tunics enhance the beauty or aestheticism in the female gender. Even for slim girls and women, tunics are a nice, sober, and smart way to be decent and formal. In countries (especially Islamic countries) where women are required not to reveal too much of their body description, tunics are a great clothing. They serve a dual purpose; help the wearer in being decent and at the same time keeping up with the fashion.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gothic dress for women Let us first understand the meaning of ‘Goth’. Goth was basically an outrage against the fashion styles that prevailed during the 1970s. People who believed in the Goth culture were against any extravagance and use of vibrant and gaudy colours in clothing. Gothic dresses are basically dresses that are worn by the people of Goth culture. Usually, the colour of such clothing is black. There are certain typical characteristics of the people of the Goth culture. They can be identified from the following traits – black clothes and hairs, male Goths have long hair, filthiness and untidiness, inclination towards writing poetry, and attention seekers. Despite the fact that the Gothic style is well distinguished from other historic styles, it contains eclectic elements (Taylor, 2004). In particular, it skilfully combines sensibility, beauty, and simplicity of the dress due to the employment of sumptuous fabrics, such as brocades and velvets. In addi tion, the gothic garment was usually presented in a black colour pallet, which also introduces a specific meaning and style during this period. The basic concept behind the Gothic garments was to minimise extravagance and to look decent. Vibrant colour garments highlight the presence of people wearing them. Probably, the reason for choosing black colour for Gothic garments was to keep a low profile. This aspect may be related to being decent, as in the case of tunics. The onlookers are not attracted towards the person wearing Gothic clothing. Apart from the clothing, the overall look of people of Gothic culture is totally unattractive with long and untidy hairs people of Gothic culture can be distinguished easily. Fashion statement of any particular period reflects the prevailing social beliefs and the approach of people. During the fifteenth century, the fashion was limited to the upper class or the opulent people. The general public couldn’t afford the costly and fashionabl e clothing. In fact they were too busy in their daily chores to pay attention to things that were not important for them. Until the seventeenth century, different areas were under the Lords. People didn’t have much of a say in most of the matters. Fashion was one such thing that was unknown to the normal public. But as soon as the royal power gained supremacy over the feudal power, the Lords became weaker as far as their control over the people was concerned. People became free to decide for themselves. People started to earn more and had spare money to attend to their fantasies. This was when they started learning about fashion and practising the prevailing trends. This was the period when printing was invented and people were able to keep themselves updated on the latest happenings around them. Media was also one of the mediums to spread fashion during that period. Modern interpretation of Gothic dresses The influence of revival of historical style constitutes the main reas on for the emergence of the gothic style at the modern time (Brill, 2004). However, unlike the historical gothic style, the modern waives are more concerned with aesthetics and the revival of the romantic movements (Spooner, 2004). The modern day Gothic dresses are actually far similar to the ones that were initially meant to be. The main motive behind Gothic dresses was to oppose extravagance and vibrant colours in clothing. But today’s Gothic dresses have become very popular and the prices are sky-rocketing. But at least the colour has not been changed. Even today, the Gothic dresses are mainly in black or other dark colours. But since renowned stores have started selling Gothic dresses the cost has gone up. Moreover, famous designers have also started designing the Gothic dress, which again has added to the cost to a great extent. Gothic dresses are now being seen as fashion statements. Celebrities wear these dresses at special events, making them all the more popular. Peo ple who like to imitate their favourite celebrities want to adore themselves with Gothic dresses. Fashion is such a thing or tradition that is spread by the famous and rich people. So the concept has totally changed; from being ant-extravagant, the Gothic dresses have now become super extravagant. References Brill, D. (2008). Goth Culture: Gender, Sexuality, and Style. Germany: Berg. Diehl, D., Donnelly, M. P. (2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. US: Stackpole Books. Netherton, R., Owen-Crocker, G. R. (2012). Medieval Clothing and Textiles. US: Boydell Press. Spooner, C. (2004). Fashioning Gothic Bodies. UK: Manchester University Press. Taylor, L. (2004). Establishing Dress History. UK: Manchester University Press. Thats, S. (2012). Women’s Tunics-oh so stylish. Retrieved from http://moderntunics.blogspot.com/

News Summary and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

News Summary and Analysis - Essay Example Series of defense firms, banks and energy have been imposed new penalties in retaliation in Ukraine for Moscow’s Intervention. Obama may lengthen the period for negotiations with Iran. Health costs have slowed in various countries across the world bringing a question about the trend. Technological factors also play as a cause of poverty. The advancement of working conditions in firms most of the times lead to cut off some personnel creating unemployment. Unemployment is a cause of poverty to those who do not acquire other occupations (Snarr 223). If the banks and energy firms are taxed heavily, the impact mostly affects the poorly paid and unskilled people, thus increasing the rate of poverty. The global wars results to death of people, destruction of properties and displacement of people. The populaces affected by war are usually left poor. The high medical costs remit the people with low-living standards unable to access medical facilities, therefore, remaining sick at their homes. Their diseases may persist for a long time where the households are forced to spend cash on pain killers rather than spending in other expenses, therefore, increasing poverty (Snarr 237). Higher transport cost affects the low-waged earners which also contribute to

Thermal Energy Storage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Thermal Energy Storage - Essay Example Appreciation for the advantages and benefits of the thermal energy systems has encouraged many people to use the technology to cut power costs and lessen the negative impact of non-renewable sources of energy on the environment. The low-cost and readily available materials that can serve as thermal energy storage media also inspired people more to develop and install it. Nevertheless, much has yet to be done in educating people, especially heavy consumers of electrical power, about the science and technology behind thermal energy storage. With this and their knowledge about its advantages, the optimization of the use of thermal energy through its effective storage will further persuade them to shift to renewable energy as the alternative to the diminishing and environmentally harmful energy sources, such as petroleum. Thermal energy, thermal energy storage, renewable sources of energy, solar energy, fossil fuels, law of thermodynamics, heaters, solar heating, kinetic energy, internal energy, thermal storage, thermal mass, storage media For a great number of years, mankind has been largely dependent on fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources of energy to power basic utilities. Since the 1800’s, the industries and the economies, in general, of many countries have been run by relying on petroleum. Consequently, the demand for this particular fossil fuel had increased tremendously in the following decades. Even by the latter years of the 20th century, however, problems have arisen due to the heavy reliance on petroleum. Although there were other means of producing energy introduced, these were very minimal compared to those powered by oil. Today, several countries have used nuclear power, coal-powered energy generation, and other non-renewable sources of energy such gas power as alternatives to petroleum. There are also countries that have developed renewable sources such as hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind energies. However, these

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials Introduction: One of the biggest challenges to mankind is highly depended on the decreasing fusil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas. Fusil fuels are nonrenewable energy resource which usually takes million of years to form. As a result, their reserves are depleted much faster than it forms. Furthermore, the combustion of these fuels causes environmental degradation through air pollution and global warming. Combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels creates not only air pollutants, for example, sulfur oxides, nitrogen odixe and heavy metals, but also carbon di-oxide, the notorious greenhouse gas widely considered to be the number one culprit of global climate change.[1] In order to protect our environment and provide energy security, energy generated from renewable sources has been extensively studied.[2] Though it will take some decades to come close to a truly sustainable energy system, the research is being conducted to find solutions to (1) increase efficiency in production, transmission, and u tilization of the remaining fossil fuels, (2) reduce negative impacts to the environment, and (3) develop or improve technologies and infrastructure for the smooth transition to the alternative/ renewable energy sources (e.g., nuclear power, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass and biofuels, and hydropower).[3] Among those, solar energy has many advantages such as availability and lower cost. The search and synthesis for low cost solar cell materials made of earth abundant elements has been a topic of extensive study across the globe. A brief historical background: In 1839,the photovoltaic effect was discovered by French physicist, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. He constructed the worlds first photovoltaic cell in his fathers laboratory at age nineteen, which was the beginning of solar energy materials technology. This experiment was done by illuminating two electrodes, which were coated by light sensitive semiconducting materials, with different types of light. He observed that electricity increases with the increase of light intensity. Then an English electrical engineer, Willoughby Smith, was discovered the photo conductivity of selenium in 1873. In 1883,Charles Fritts built the first true solar cells made from selenium wafer which is coated with a thin layer of gold. He found that the efficiency was only about 1%. In 1905, Albert Einstein published in a paper that light consists of â€Å"packets† or quanta of energy, which can be varied only with its frequency.[4] This theory was very simple, but revolutionary that explained the data of photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect was experimentally proved by an American experimental physicist, Robert Andrews Millikan, who later won the Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect and measurement of the charge of the electron. In 1954, a single-crystal cell of germanium and a cadmium sulphide p-n junction was developed with an efficiency of 6%. Later the University of Delaware found that the efficiency exceeds 10% with the first thin film solar cell which was made of copper sulfide and cadmium sulfide in 1980. In 2007,they achieved 42.8% efficiency in solar cell technology.[5] To date, the highest 44.8% efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction solar cells. Solar cell: Solar cell is electrical device which converts solar radiation into electricity by photoelectric effect. It consists of two types of semiconducting materials, one is n-type and another is p-type. When these two types of materials placed with each other, it forms depletion layer at middle of these two materials. When sun light falls on the depletion layer the materials absorb photon and the electron from filled valence band excites to the unfilled conduction band, which creates a hole and electron pair. The hole goes to the p-type conductor and the electron goes to the n-type conductor. If we complete the circuit by connecting these two materials we will see there is flow of electricity. [6] Fig 1: A schematic diagram of solar cell Some important Solar cell and solar energy materials Solar cells are typically consists of semiconducting materials and these cells are named after thesemiconducting materialsthey are made of. Thesematerialsmust have certain characteristics in order to absorbsunlight. Some solar cells are designed to absorb sunlight that reaches the Earths surface, while others are constructed foruse in space. Solar cells can be made of only one layer of light absorbing semiconducting material which is called single-junction. Sometimes cells can be made of multiple layers of semiconducting materials to take advantage of wide range of absorption and charge separation mechanisms which is called multi-junction. Solar cells can be classified into three categories according to generation: The first generation cells also called traditional, conventional orwafer based cells that are made ofcrystalline silicon which includes materials such asmono-crystalline and poly-silicon silicon. Second generation cells arethin film solar cells, that includeamorphous silicon,CdTeandCIGScells and are commercially significant in utility-scale photovoltaic power stations,building integrated photovoltaicsor in smallstand alone devices. The third generation of solar cells includes a number of thin-film technologies often described as emerging photovoltaics which are not yet commercially applied and are still in the research or development phase such as perovskite solar cells and quantum dots solar cells. Crystalline silicon The most prevalent bulk material for solar cells iscrystalline silicon(c-Si), also known as solar grade silicon. Bulk silicon is separated into two categories according to crystallinity and crystal size. Mono-crystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon In 1981, the first solar panels based on polycrystalline silicon, which also is known as polysilicon (p-Si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si),was introduced to the market. Unlike monocrystalline-based solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels do not require the Czochralski process. Raw silicon is melted and poured into a square mold, which is cooled and cut into perfectly square wafers. Polysilicon cells are the most common type used in photovoltaics and are less expensive, yet less efficient than those made from monocrystalline silicon. Thin film Thin film technologies reduce the amount of active material in a cell. Most designs sandwich active material between two panes of glass. Since silicon solar panels only use one pane of glass, thin film panels are approximately twice as heavy as crystalline silicon panels, although they have a smaller ecological impact.[8]The majority of film panels have 2-3 percentage points lower conversion efficiencies than crystalline silicon. Cadmium telluride(CdTe),copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS) andamorphous silicon(a-Si) are three thin-film technologies often used for outdoor applications. CIGS technology laboratory demonstrations reached 20.4% as of December 2013. The lab efficiency of GaAs thin film technology topped 28%. Thequantum efficiencyof thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of collected charge carriers per incident photon. Most recently, CZTS solar cell emerge as the less-toxic thin film solar cell technology, which achieved ~12% efficiency. Cadmium telluride Cadmium telluride is the only thin film material so far to rival crystalline silicon in cost/watt. However cadmium is a highly toxic andtelluriumsupplies are limited. Thecadmiumpresent in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during fires in residential roofs.[9]A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cellnickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less soluble form.[9] Copper indium gallium selenide Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is adirect band gapmaterial. It has the highest efficiency (~20%) among all commercially significant thin film materials. Traditional methods of fabrication involve vacuum processes including co-evaporation and sputtering. Recent developments atIBMandNanosolar attempt to lower the cost by using non-vacuum solution processes. Gallium arsenide thin film The semiconductor materialGallium arsenide(GaAs) is also used for single-crystalline thin film solar cells. Although GaAs cells are very expensive, they hold the worlds record in efficiency for asingle-junctionsolar cell at 28.8%.[10]GaAs is more commonly used inmultijunction photovoltaic cellsforconcentrated photovoltaics and forsolar panels on spacecrafts, as the industry favours efficiency over cost forspace-based solar power. Perovskite solar cells The name perovskite solar cell is derived from the ABX3crystal structureof the absorber materials, which is referred to as perovskite structure. The most commonly studied perovskite absorber is methylammonium lead trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3, where X is ahalogenion such asI−,Br−,Cl−). Formamidinumlead trihalide (H2NCH3NH3PbX3) is a recently studied newer material which shows promise, with a bandgap between 2.23eV and 1.48eV. This minimum bandgap is closer to the optimal for asingle-junction cellthan methylammonium lead trihalide, so it should be capable of higher efficiencies. The efficiencies of perovskite solar cell have increased to 12.8% in 2014.[11] This increased efficiency is making them a very rapidly advancing technology and a hot topic in the solar cell field. Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialization. Quantum dots semiconductor solar cell: Quantum dots are tiny particles or nanocrystals of a semiconducting material with diameters in the range of 2-10 nanometers. Due to high surface to volume ratios for these particles, quantum dots display unique electronic properties, intermediate between those of bulk semiconductors and discrete molecules. Due to their small size, the electrons in quantum dots are confined in a small space which is called quantum box. When the radii of the semiconductor nanocrystal is smaller than the exciton Bohr radius (exciton Bohr radius is the average distance between the electron in the conduction band and the hole it leaves behind in the valence band), there is quantization of the energy levels according to Pauli’s exclusion principle (Figure 1).[12][13]The discrete, quantized energy levels of quantum dots relate them more closely to atoms than bulk materials. Generally, as the size of the crystal decreases, the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduc tion band increases. More energy or more energy light is then needed to excite an electron from valance band to conduction band. Therefore, the properties of semiconducting materials can be tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots. By using different sized quantum dots in multi-layer junction we can absorb wide range of light. Figure 4: Splitting of energy levels in quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, semiconductor band gap increases with decrease in size of the nanocrystal.[12][13] Conclusion The primary energy sources: coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels are polluting our environment. Furthermore, these resources are quickly depleting and becoming extremely expensive day by day. Therefore, weneedtoconsiderrenewableenergysources such as solar energy, by using solar cells we cangenerate electricalpower by converting solar energy intoelectricity. Reference: Wang, Zhong Lin.Nanotechnology for the energy challenge. Ed. Javier Garcà ­a-Martà ­nez. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Hou, Yu, Ruxandra Vidu, and Pieter Stroeve. Solar energy storage methods.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research50.15 (2011): 8954-8964. Moniz, E. J.; Garcia-Martinez, J. Nanotechnology for the Energy Challenge; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2010 Einstein, Albert. The photoelectric effect.Ann. Phys17 (1905): 132. Delaware University, US, HP http://www.udel.edu/PR/ UDaily/2008/jul/solar072307 .html Li, Zhongrui, et al. Light-harvesting using high density p-type single wall carbon nanotube/n-type silicon heterojunctions.Acs Nano3.6 (2009): 1407-1414. Green, M. A. Recent developments in photovoltaics.Solar energy76.1 (2004): 3-8. Pearce, Joshua, and Andrew Lau. Net energy analysis for sustainable energy production from silicon based solar cells.ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002. Fthenakis, Vasilis M. Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews8.4 (2004): 303-334. Yablonovitch, E., O. D. Miller, and S. R. Kurtz. The opto-electronic physics that broke the efficiency limit in solar cells.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2012 38th IEEE. IEEE, 2012. Qin, Peng, et al. Perovskite Solar Cells with 12.8% Efficiency by Using Conjugated Quinolizino Acridine Based Hole Transporting Material.Journal of the American Chemical Society(2014). Reimann, S. M.; Manninen, M. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2002, 74(4), 1283. Bawendi, M. C.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 1990, 41, 477.

Income Tax Exemptions in Pakistan

In The name Of Allah The Most Merciful & The Most Beneficent Assignment of: Principle & Practice Income Tax Topic: Need of Tax Exemption [pic] Question: What is the need of Tax Exemption or Tax Concession in income tax from government point of view? And Does present income tax exemption policy of Pakistan effective in achieving its objectives give comments? TAX EXEMPTION According To â€Å"Community Benefit† theorists Tax-exemption contributes to pluralism â€Å"by providing the public goods and services that either are undersupplied by the private market or by the government or else not provided in the same socially desirable manner† NEED OF TAX EXEMPTION Tax Exemption is provided for various purposes discussed below which are: ? To Promote Economic activity ? To Provide Benefit to society ? To Provide Corporate Welfare ? To Attract Businesses ? To Promote Organizations ? To Encourage Religious Activities ? To Encourage Economic Activities ? To Encourage Retirement-Led Investment ? To Promote Economic activity Tax exemptions are usually meant to either reduce the tax burden on a particular segment of society in the interests of fairness or to promote some type of economic activity through reducing the tax burden on those organizations or individuals who are involved in that activity. ? To Provide Benefit To Society Tax Exemptions are accorded to certain organizations because they provide a benefit to society which the government is unable or unwilling to provide. ? To Provide Corporate Welfare Tax Exemption to specific businesses such as Big Oil is for corporate welfare. To Attract Businesses Exemption from property tax and other local tax is used as a tool for attracting business to areas suffering from economic down turn or depression. ? To Promote Organizations Tax Exemption is provided to individuals and organizations to promote economically. ? To Encourage Religious Activities Tax exemption is provided to encourage certain social and religious activities. ? To Encourage Economic Activ ities Tax exemption is provided to encourage certain economic activities. ? To Encourage Retirement-Led Investment Tax Exemption is provided on amount of gratuity or commutation of person to encourage retirement-led investments. COMMENTS Ignoring all other factors and emphasizing particularly on tax exemption we can comment that, ? Tax exemption has promoted agriculture sector. Tax is not applied on income generated up to Rs. 80,000, income exceeding from R. s 80,000 will b taxed. The total number of such farmer assesses is reported to be only about 20,000 in the entire country with an average of no more than 200 such agriculture income tax payers per district. Thus tax exemption provides relief to people engaged in tax exemption. ? Tax exemption has promoted scholarships in the country as the ratio of scholarships have increased from last decades which is providing opportunities to many students to not only study in Pakistan but also abroad. Tax exemption from scholarships is beneficial for both students and country. ? Tax exemption has promoted immense foreign investment in Pakistan as China has started many projects in Pakistan not only because of cheap labor but also because of tax exemption. Similarly many other foreign projects are practicing in Pakistan. Tax exemption has promoted many investment banks as Modarba, macro finance bank, national investment trust etc which provide many easy loans to people and firms which in turn contribute in promoting society. ? Tax exemption policy has promoted many sectors as businesses, educational sector, foreign investment, NGO’S etc Thus, We can conclude that present tax exemption policy i s providing many incentives to people, starting new businesses and is encouraging people to invest more and more in various sectors which in turn are generating income to the economy. It is because of tax exemption that many projects have started in special industrial zones in Pakistan as Export processing zone, North Western Industrial zone, Eastern Western Industrial zone and many more. Tax exemption policy in many areas as income earned from foreign enterprise, capital gain by foreign institutional investor, income from transport businesses has widened the approach of business. So present income tax exemption policy of Pakistan is effective in achieving its objectives. [pic]

Girl with Balloons

Street art has become a popular way for artists to express their ideas about society through their public displays of art. Banksy is a well known street artists that displays controversial and political artworks. Banksy work â€Å"girl with balloons† is painted on the Israeli West Bank Barrier Wall, which is a security and separation barrier which is still under construction. Which is almost considered a modern day Berlin Wall. The placement of this image is art, not the artwork itself. If Banksy had used this exact image and placed it somewhere else it wouldn’t have the same effect. Banksy intentions where to make a statement about the relationship between the two cultures. The West Bank Barrier wall is a wall that separates the Israelis from the Palestinians who are having cultural wars with each other. With the use of the young girl flying to freedom it makes people think about their freedom, whether someone who would walk past it or someone looking at it on the internet. Banksy hasn’t used any special techniques to construct his artwork, jus t simply spray cans and a stencil. Anyone could do this. Banksy artwork â€Å"girl with balloons† is simple, but is full of symbolism and meaning. The fact that in this foreign country to him he was able to illeagally put up this artwork without permission shows a sign of the lack of security. The choice of balloons is interesting. Making it seem like if only it were so simply just to float over. But to an adult if only it was that easy. A clown will use balloons to create animals and give them to children. Although lifeless and inanimate, they become somthing real to a childs imagination. Banksy has highlighted the religious troubles that are happening at the moment along the West Bank Barrier Wall. With the use of a simply yet effective artwork, banksy has doubt got people thinking. Banksy placement is the key to this image which inevitably makes it â€Å"art†. http://www. slideshare. net/UWAStudySmarter/essay-structure-for-arts-students http://www. banksy. co. uk/outdoors/index3. html http://people. southwestern. edu/~bednarb/su_netWorks/projects/jle/balloon. html http://iris. lib. neu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? rticle=1053&context=honors_projects http://artradarjournal. com/2010/01/21/what-is-street-art-vandalism-graffiti-or-public-art-part-i/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier THE PLACEMENT OF THIS IMAGE IS ART, NOT THE ARTWORK If the same picture was painted somwhere else it wouldn’t have the same meaning. Culture divide Young child escaping to freedom  · How have contemporary art ideas and issues challenged traditional understandings of artworks and their significance? So people may not consider street art to be art. How does the choice or presentation of subject matter or medium, materials and techniques reflect or challenge artistic or social traditions? Spray cans public property  · What is the impact of dynamic media applications and other emerging art forms on the viewer such as video, digital, projection, installation, interactive, street art, sound and performance art?  · How do these art forms differ from traditional ideas of viewing and experiencing object- based art in museums and galleries?  · How might artworks of the past take on new or different meanings, in the context of contemporary ideas and issues?

Battle of New Orleans in the American Civil War

The capture of New Orleans by Union forces occurred during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Flag Officer David G. Farragut run his fleet past Forts Jackson and St. Philip on April 24, 1862 before capturing New Orleans the following day. Early in the Civil War, Union General-in-Chief Winfield Scott devised the Anaconda Plan for defeating the Confederacy. A hero of the Mexican-American War, Scott called for the blockade of the Southern coast as well as the capture of the Mississippi River. This latter move was designed to split the Confederacy in two and prevent supplies from moving east and west. To New Orleans The first step to securing the Mississippi was the capture of New Orleans. The Confederacys largest city and busiest port, New Orleans was defended by two large forts, Jackson and St. Philip, situated on the river below the city (Map). While forts had historically held an advantage over naval vessels, successes in 1861 at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal led Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus V. Fox to believe that an attack up the Mississippi would be feasible. In his view, the forts could be reduced by naval gunfire and then assaulted by a relatively small landing force. Foxs plan was initially opposed by US Army general-in-chief George B. McClellan who believed that such an operation would require 30,000 to 50,000 men. Viewing a prospective expedition against New Orleans as a diversion, he was unwilling to release large numbers of troops as he was planning what would become the Peninsula Campaign. To obtain the needed landing force, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles approached  Major General Benjamin Butler. A political appointee, Butler was able to use his connections to secure 18,000 men and received command of the force on February 23, 1862. Fast Facts: Capture of New Orleans Conflict: American Civil War (1861-1865)Dates: April 24, 1862Armies Commanders:UnionFlag Officer David G. Farragut17 warships19 mortar boatsConfederateMajor General Mansfield LovellForts Jackson St. Philip2 ironclads, 10 gunboats Farragut The task of eliminating the forts and taking the city fell to Flag Officer David G. Farragut. A long-serving officer who had taken part in the War of 1812 and Mexican-American War, he had been raised by Commodore David Porter following the death of his mother. Given command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in January 1862, Farragut arrived at his new post the following month and established a base of operations on Ship Island off the coast of Mississippi. In addition to his squadron, he was provided with a fleet of mortar boats led by his foster brother, Commander David D. Porter, who had the ear of Fox. Assessing the Confederate defenses, Farragut initially planned to reduce the forts with mortar fire before advancing his fleet up the river. Rear Admiral David G. Farragut. US Naval History and Heritage Command   Preparations Moving to the Mississippi River in mid-March, Farragut began moving his ships over the bar at its mouth. Here complications were encountered as the water proved three feet shallower than expected.  As a result, the steam frigate USS Colorado (52 guns) had to be left behind. Rendezvousing at Head of Passes, Farraguts ships and Porters mortar boats moved up the river towards the forts. Arriving, Farragut was confronted by Forts Jackson and St. Philip, as well as a chain barricade and four smaller batteries. Sending forward a detachment from the US Coast Survey, Farragut made determinations on where to place the mortar fleet. Confederate Preparations From the outset of the war, plans for the defense of New Orleans were hampered by the fact that the Confederate leadership in Richmond believed that the greatest threats to the city would come from the north. As such, military equipment and manpower were shifted up the Mississippi to defensive points such as Island Number 10.  In southern Louisiana, the defenses were commanded by Major General Mansfield Lovell who had his headquarters in New Orleans. Immediate oversight of the forts fell to Brigadier General Johnson K. Duncan. Supporting the static defenses were the River Defense Fleet consisting of six gunboats, two gunboats from the Louisiana Provisional Navy, as well as two gunboats from the Confederate Navy and the ironclads CSS Louisiana (12) and CSS Manassas (1). The former, while a powerful ship, was not complete and was used as a floating battery during the battle. Though numerous, the Confederates forces on the water lacked a unified command structure. Reducing the Forts Though skeptical about their effectiveness in reducing the forts, Farragut advanced Porters mortar boats on April 18.  Firing non-stop for five days and nights, the mortars pounded the forts, but were unable to completely disable their batteries. As the shells rained down, sailors from USS Kineo (5), USS Itasca (5), and USS Pinola (5) rowed forward and opened a gap in the chain barricade on April 20. On April 23, Farragut, impatient with the bombardments results, began planning to run his fleet past the forts. Ordering his captains to drape their vessels in chain, iron plate, and other protective materials, Farragut divided the fleet into three sections for the coming action (Map). There were led by Farragut and Captains Theodorus Bailey and Henry H. Bell. Running the Gauntlet At 2:00 AM on April 24, the Union fleet began moving upstream, with the first division, led by Bailey, coming under fire an hour and fifteen minutes later. Racing ahead, the first division was soon clear of the forts, however Farraguts second division encountered more difficulty. As his flagship, USS Hartford (22) cleared the forts, it was forced to turn to avoid a Confederate fire raft and ran aground. Seeing the Union ship in trouble, the Confederates redirected the fire raft towards Hartford causing a fire to break out on the vessel. Moving quickly, the crew extinguished the flames and was able to back the ship out of the mud. USS Hartford (1858). US Naval History Heritage Command Above the forts, the Union ships encountered the River Defense Fleet and Manassas. While the gunboats were easily dealt with, Manassas attempted to ram USS Pensacola (17) but missed. Moving downstream, it was accidentally fired upon by the forts before moving to strike USS Brooklyn (21). Ramming the Union ship, Manassas failed to strike a fatal blow as it hit Brooklyns full coal bunkers. By the time the fighting ended, Manassas was downstream of the Union fleet and unable to make enough speed against the current to ram effectively. As a result, its captain ran it aground where it was destroyed by Union gun fire. The City Surrenders Having successfully cleared the forts with minimal losses, Farragut began steaming upstream to New Orleans. Arriving off the city on April 25, he immediately demanded its surrender. Sending a force ashore, Farragut was told by the mayor that only Major General Lovell could surrender the city. This was countered when Lovell informed the mayor that he was retreating and that the city was not his to surrender. After four days of this, Farragut ordered his men to hoist the US flag over the customs house and city hall. During this time, the garrisons of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip, now cut off from the city, surrendered. On May 1, Union troops under Butler arrived to take official custody of the city. Aftermath The battle to capture New Orleans cost Farragut a mere 37 killed and 149 wounded. Though he was initially unable to get all of his fleet past the forts, he succeeded in getting 13 ships upstream which enabled him to capture the Confederacys greatest port and center of trade. For Lovell, the fighting along the river cost him around 782 killed and wounded, as well as approximately 6,000 captured. The loss of the city effectively ended Lovells career. After the fall of New Orleans, Farragut was able to take control of much of the lower Mississippi and succeeded in capturing Baton Rouge and Natchez. Pressing upstream, his ships reached as far as Vicksburg, MS before being halted by Confederate batteries. After attempting a brief siege, Farragut withdrew back down the river to prevent being trapped by falling water levels.